Inflation data is out. 17%. The common interpretation is that the purchasing value of your money has declined by 17%. A quick comparison of inflation data with other countries – Saudi Arabia is at 0.4%, the United Kingdom is at 3.2%, and in the United States, it’s at a “transitory” 5.3%.
The consequence of this is Nigerians are finding different means or investment vehicles to preserve their hard-earned naira from devaluation. They want their 100,000 naira to be 100,000 naira on a Month-on-Month basis.
The common trend now to achieve this is to “buy the dollar and preserve their naira earnings.” While in theory, this sounds like a well-thought-out plan or hedge as we call it in finance, there are certain flaws to it.
Read: Fear rises over possible conversion of Dollars in domiciliary accounts into Naira
Engaging in this form of hedging – inadvertently makes one a currency trader vulnerable to volatility. Foreign exchange rates can change rapidly in response to any real-time economic and political events. The tendency to always buy at whatever price will possibly lead you to buy at high prices and when it hits a negative inflection point – the purpose of “preserving value” is defeated.
The fundamentals appear to be changing soon. There are signs the Nigerian economy would soon be supplied with dollars.
Read: Nigerian banks don’t have enough dollars to fund acquisition of Shell assets in Nigeria – Agbaje
- Nigeria has announced plans for another visit to the global market through the issuance of a $6.2 billion Eurobond in October. JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, Citigroup, and Standard Chartered have already been selected as international book-runners for the Eurobond issue alongside local firm, Chapel Hill Denham.
- Access Bank Plc’s recently oversubscribed $500 million Unsecured Eurobond that drew interest from top-grade investors globally should bring optimism that investors will rush the Federal Government Eurobonds.
- The recent $3.35 billion Nigeria received from its share of the IMF’s SDR (special drawing rights) has boosted the country’s dollar liquidity.
- President Buhari’s recent request for a $4 billion loan, which has been heavily contested, is likely to fly as it could get approval from the Senate, where his party is in the majority. Nairametrics reported yesterday that the Senate President, Ahmed Lawan gave the Senate Committee on Foreign and Local Debts one week to consider the President’s loan request and revert to the Senate next Tuesday.
- Additionally, there have been indications that Indian refiners, Nigeria’s largest buyers of oil, are increasingly boosting run rates amid newfound confidence that there will be a revival in oil-products demand. The information in the market is that some refiners are planning to lift runs to 100% of their capacities for the rest of the year. With oil at $74-75, it’s a good time for Nigeria and Nigerians.
With the possibility of liquidity support coming in and the Central Bank clampdown on speculative website “abokiFX” – artificial prices will soon flesh out and the intrinsic value of the Naira to the dollar will appear. Herein lies the need for introspection of the “currency conversion” practice.
Read: Unilever Nigeria forced to buy dollars at over 9% above market rate
Let’s break this down.
In investing, there are three principles to use as guidelines.
- Investment objective
- Risk appetite
- Investment horizon
In this particular case, the investment objective of many Nigerians is to preserve their earnings in foreign currencies. They just want value – not profit necessarily. Any “profit” is just a bonus for their venture. Every year, Morgan Stanley picks the year’s best safe-haven currencies. The U.S. dollar was picked in 2020 as the best safe-haven currency. The Japanese yen and Swiss Franc are relatively mentioned as safe bets.
The risk appetite envisages the investor’s risk tolerance. Can Nigerians afford to handle the volatility of currency movements? Would they be perturbed when they realize they bought at the top as the naira appreciates?
A quick glance at the Central Bank’s Data on the monthly exchange rates over the last few years will corroborate the dangers of buying USD every time, especially in the height of speculation frenzy.
Read: Exchange rate: Is Nigeria better with a weak naira?
PS: BDC (USD) – Bureau De Change.
IFEM is Inter-bank Foreign Exchange Market.
According to the data above, In 2016, US Dollars went from N396.15 to N431.10 at the black market from the 8th month to the 9th month. It then reached its peak in the 2nd month in February 2017 after sustained levels in the N400+ zone. Suddenly, it will be observed that a 64 Naira decline happened the following month ( March 2017) before prices returned to the N300+ levels in the following months.
If you panic invested in that period, you would have bought at the top and realized you were overpaying for a currency you did not need at that time. Trading on noise breeds a tendency to buy when prices are high and sell when prices are low. So if you bought dollars in February 2017, you would only be breaking even in the second half of 2021.
That leads to the third principle, the Investment horizon.
Investment horizon refers to either a short time or a long time horizon. In the short term, where there’s a need for personal liquidity – engaging in hoarding dollars or speculative trading is riskier than in the long term horizon. Using the data presented above, one with a liquidity need would have sold his dollars at a lower price. The value of one’s earnings would have suffered the double whammy of loss in dollars and the inflation one ran away from. In a longer time horizon, time would smoothen volatility.
In the cryptocurrency space, Nigerians are trading Naira for USD(T), USD(C), and BUSD in peer-to-peer transactions. The above coins are referred to as stable coins “pegged” to the dollar. According to data found on Paxful and Local Bitcoins, using a 90 day period – Nigerians traded $115,077,936, the highest volume of transactions recorded in Africa. This excludes data from Binance, a more popular cryptocurrency exchange. Peer to Peer transactions (P2P) appears to be the sophisticated way Nigerians are engaging in currency swaps.
Image: An example of a P2P transaction as of 16th September 2021.
It involves a willing buyer searching for a willing seller on a P2P platform. The USD(T) seller sets a price at arbitrary rates which can vary and deviate from market rates. There are cases of people charging N800 for a dollar on these platforms.
Furthermore, there are stories of people getting duped on peer-to-peer platforms. Naira sellers are vulnerable to fraudulent peers who might not fulfil their part of the bargain. Buying “stable coins” in an unstable market has its valuation risk and the risk of being defrauded poses a significant threat to personal earnings.
So, what’s the way out?
Certainly not saving cash. As billionaire investor Ray Dalio puts it, “Cash is Trash.” Cash offers no real return or yield and is negatively impacted by inflation. The investment objective of Nigerians is valid, however, the real hack is earning in foreign currencies. Different ways to do that are by offering services on Upwork, Fiver, etc, partnering with relatives and friends in diaspora on how to channel their investments back home, and lump-sum investing in dollar-denominated assets with commercial banks and investment banks.
Another option is investing in assets and equities that offer returns higher than the inflation rate. Last year, the Nigerian All-Share index in Africa’s largest economy recorded its best return, rising 45.7% in 2020, the most among 93 equity indexes tracked by Bloomberg. This made it the world’s best-performing stock market. Some experts have advised the CBN to make treasury bills attractive for investors with a lower risk appetite.
The dollar has taken a beating since last year. Looking at the Dollar index, it’s far away from its highs. So Nigerians are paying a premium for cheap dollars.
Conclusively, it is advisable that if one does not have a need for dollars, engaging in precautionary and speculative demand for dollars can be counterproductive if the opportunity cost is a loss in earnings as a result of volatility. The truth is no British citizen is monitoring exchange rates daily although you would argue the British economy is more stable. The obsession with the exchange rate is partly responsible for why people refer to Nigeria as a “dollarized economy.” Aggregate speculative demand for dollars leads to pressure on the FX market and inadvertently affects the exchange rate.
Great article and superb analysis. This should be boiled down to PowerPoint and presented to politicians, civil servant and their banker cohorts who champion and sustain speculative trading in foreign currencies. The logic is simple. Either through direct earnings, variously put at above N30 million monthly or graft that runs into several hundreds of millions month-on- month, these categories of Nigerians are the major patrons of black market trading to preserve their booties. They need to know what their risk exposures
are, understand how they are killing the future of Nigeria – and not ordinary citizens that are seeking funds for food, healthcare and rent.
Great article and superb analysis. This should be boiled down to PowerPoint and presented to politicians, civil servant and their banker cohorts who champion and sustain speculative trading in foreign currencies. The logic is simple. Either through direct earnings, variously put at above N30 million monthly or graft that runs into several hundreds of millions month-on- month, these categories of Nigerians are the major patrons of black market trading to preserve their booties. They need to know what their risk exposures
are, understand how they are killing the future of Nigeria – and not ordinary citizens that are seeking funds for food, healthcare and rent.
Thank you for the article. I believe the root of the problem are the government policies of
dirigisme, i.e., the FGN and its sidekick clueless attempts to establish price controls over the Naira and the huge resources lost caused by the petrol subsidy (besides the humongous amount of money wasted on the National Assembly). If the government and its lapdog CBN were to liberalise the economy we would not be putting our hope, as the article does, in oil money but on foreign direct investments, the stock exchange will blossom, and the temptation to hoard forex will vanish. But these solutions requires both courage and knowledge which are missing in our leaders. Nairametrics should help in bringing sanity to the landscape with courageous advice.
Nairametrics should assist the public by publishing daily the black market rates.
Good analysis. The CBN must go a few steps further. Many speculators are chasing the naira and lodging it in dollar fixed deposits that return on the average 10% per annum with up front payments of about 40% of their deposits. Banks and finance/investment houses are taking these dollars and betting on the continued depreciation of the naira. It is time the CBN bars financial houses and banks from accepting foreign currency deposits or reduce the interest yielding capability of such accounts to far less than what obtains abroad or better still ban it outright. All fixed deposits MUST be made to be in naira. Secondly, the CBN policy of insisting that only inflow forex can be used for import payments has ensured that forex traders/middlemen have moved their operations abroad. They mop up all dollars remittances and send them to China and other countries for payments on behalf of Nigerian importers and at a premium of as much 7 to 15 naira on the dollar. This has two effects; (1) Pushing up dollar rates for imported goods and services, pushing up dollar conversion rates abroad which in turn has an un-wholesome effect on the local naira exchange rate. (2) Effectively creating a dam against inflows of forex to the local economy. This inflow forex policy NEEDS to be abolished.
When politicians embezzled our funds and stored in dollar, to them it wasn’t risky. Naira metric, please these should be directed to our leaders with fat dollar accounts, leave innocent Nigerian alone to take their risk.
Choose your own risk!
Tldr, you need a summary section..at the top like investopedia.
You guys are good, but can be better.
It will not drop! I can bet it with you! Let’s wait and see; I am predicting 600 Naira to 1 USD before end of the year.
Good and informative piece. Kudos sir. However, this only a side of the story. The flip side is there also. The naira has not appreciated against the dollar in any appreciable manner as it’s fall against the currency (USD). Is the naira records a 25% gain against the dollar, experience has shown that if can depreciate in one fell swoop by 85% . The reason for this goes beyond hoarding. It is the forces of sand and supply. There is the capital-flight factor. People are not taking their investment out of the economy, people are selling assets and look for dollar at whatever rate to take the money out of the country. Those rushing to Canada do so together with proceeds from their assets disposed off. Lawyers are selling their practices so also are doctors who are leaving the country in drove. Essential things that we deliberately debar people from getting here, people are getting them with dollars abroad even in Cotonou here. e.g. university education and medicare. These the things affecting the ‘cracyness’ for dollars. So, notwithstanding the stark risk, it is still going to be a win-win situation for those preserving value of their Naira in dollars. Dollar is a stronger currency any day, any time and it has been so for a long time and so it shall remain for a long time to come.
This is purely academic exercise which in all intents and purposes are applicable to developed economies.
In Nigeria, dysfunctional/inconsistent policies (fiscal and Monetary) do not sustain the assertions in this write up both in the medium and long terms.
Naira is on free fall hence, an average middle income Nigerians will therefore seek a safe haven in dollars, sterling pounds and euros to hedge their bet.
Alternatives to hold trash Naira are apartment property, gold, and other related investments with security and value.
Alot needs to be done in Nigerian exchange rate
Naira need to have a good rate exchange market
Thank you for the article.
Nigeria have to improve on their market exchange rate
It is actually too risky to convert the Naira to Dollar cause it will cost you so much Naira to buy the Dollar and you may not have the patience to wait to recoup those losses when the Dollar rises on the black market. It is instead profitable to get in the fx and convert to Naira when needed. Earning in Dollars should be an investment topic in all financial seminars.
Thanks OpeOluwa for this insightful piece.