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Worrying signs as Nigerians under 30 miss out on pension contributions
Data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) shows that about 7.5 million Nigerians contribute pensions via the Retirement Savings Account contributors scheme, under the Pension Reform Act of 2004 and as amended in 2014.
Despite this seemingly low small number of contributors, Nigerian pension fund asset under management is estimated at over N6 trillion, according to data from the Pension Fund Commission of Nigeria.
The 7.5 million pension contributors also represent about 14% of Nigerians who are fully employed. NBS data also puts the total number of Nigerians who are fully employed at 52.5 million and those that are underemployed at just over 17 million.
Underemployed Nigerians are those who though are employed, but have jobs that are well below their skill set or academic and professional qualification.
Out of the 14% of Nigerians that are contributing a notable generation of contributors worrying make up a small size of the pool, those born after 1987.
Nigerians born after 1987 are conspicuously contributing far less than expected and this is worrisome.
Nigerians under 30 are missing out
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As the chart above depicts, seven hundred and thirty thousand Nigerians who are less than 30 years old contribute to Nigeria’s pension fund out of the over seven million contributors. This represents slightly under 10% of the number of Nigerians who are contributing pension.
This compares unfavourably to Nigerians under 40 but above 30, who contribute the most with about 2.9 million of them representing about 39% of the pool.
Also, Nigerians between the ages of 30 and below 50 and considered the most experienced and perhaps active working population in the country have a total of about 5 million contributors and make up 66% of contributors.
A comparative look at Nigeria’s pension fund contributors and the age bracket of Nigerians who formerly employed provide another perspective.
Nigerians fully employed (age group)
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From the data above, about 15 million Nigerians aged between 25 and 34 make about 29% of Nigerians who are fully employed. Add that to the 6.4 million Nigerians between the ages of 15 and 24 and you get a combined working force of 40% of Nigerians who are fully employed.
The contrast between the number of Nigerians who are under 30 but fully employed and those who contribute to Nigeria’s RSA scheme suggest a disconnect between wages and savings.
Why are they not contributing?
Many theories could explain why Nigerians Under 30 are not contributing to Nigeria’s pension fund. Analysts suggest Nigerians under 30 are not gainfully employed and due to the small salary which they earn, find little incentive to save towards the future.
They opine that the huge income disparity between their earnings and that of those above 30 years old, discourages savings leaving them with little reason to contribute to a pension fund.
Average fresh graduates from Nigeria earn between N30,000 and N120, 000 per month depending on the organisation that employs them. Nigeria has a minimum wage of N18, 000. For most of these Nigerians who earn less than N50,000, they have to contend between paying for transport fare, feeding, clothing and investing in themselves before thinking of pension.
Another plausible reason could be the type of employers who Nigerians under 30 years old work for. Most Nigerians under the age of 30 are thought to work for SMEs and Startups as they are cheaper to hire and can be replaced more easily due to Nigeria’s high unemployment situation. Nigeria currently has a combined un(under)employment rate of 21%.
Most SMEs and Startups in Nigeria lack the requisite organisation structure to operate a contributory pension scheme focusing only on paying salaries and nothing more.
A third theory suggest most Nigerians under 30 have no incentive to contribute to a pension scheme considering that they have received nothing from the country of their birth. Most young Nigerians are unemployed and are neither paid social security nor compensation for loss of job. Most also go through University without scholarship or education subsidy and have been used to fending for themselves since they reached adult age.
What is the likely consequence
For these set of Nigerians, the implication of not contributing to pension scheme is dire for the age group and to Nigerians in general. The consequences can range for little to fall back on when they retire in the future to a serious dent to a model upon which pension funds are built upon.
According to the way pension fund contribution work, a fund that attracts less contribution from the young and upwardly mobile are more likely to face funding shortfall in the next decade or two. The less we depend on Nigerians between 30 and 50 to contribute the higher the risk that we could have more withdrawals than contributions at some point in the future. A thriving pension fund only exist when those who are younger make up a larger pool of contributors.
As millions of younger Nigerians join the labour force, the government will need to work harder at creating an enabling environment for small businesses to thrive.
A better understanding of Nigeria’s pension laws and taxes need to be communicated to Startups and Small business. Incentives need to be given to Startups and SMEs to participate in Nigeria’s contributory pension scheme, in the form of tax credits and access to funding.
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Julius Berger’s rebound contingent on full economic bounce back
Julius Berger’s construction portfolio includes infrastructure, industry, building, and facility services solutions.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the economic impact of the measures put in place to slow the spread of it, many industries have experienced slower growth. The construction industry was not left out. According to reports by GlobalData, the construction output growth forecast for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been revised to 2.3%, down from the previous projection of 3.3% (as of mid-April) and 6.0% in the pre-COVID-19 case (Q4 2019 update).
The reason for the contraction was noted by GlobalData to be as a result of the global slowdown and the outbreak of COVID-19 in the region. Other factors responsible include economic headwinds such as inflation, spending cuts, widening fiscal slippages, suspension of certain projects and more that could disrupt the construction sector. This contraction is projected to be 4.3% in South and Southeast Asia while France is expected to shrink by 9.4% in 2020.
Leading Construction Company, Julius Berger, had foreseen the contraction in the industry and commenced efforts to mitigate its impact and cushion the blow. One of such efforts was the reduction in dividend pay-out. After initially announcing a dividend pay-out of N2.75K per 50K share for the financial year ended December 31, 2019 and a bonus of 1 (one) new share for every existing 5 (five) shares held, the company eventually recommended a final cash dividend pay-out of N2.00K per 50k share.
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It noted that the Group had “carefully considered the emerging social, operational, financial and economic impact of the COVID 19 pandemic, the outlook for Nigeria for the financial year 2020, and the impact on the business and cash flows of the Group.”
The company’s fears have been confirmed by its recent financials which, among other negatives, showed huge foreign exchange losses of N3.102 billion in the first half of 2020.
Q2 was the hardest
Julius Berger’s construction portfolio includes infrastructure, industry, building, and facility services solutions. With companies and nations alike revising scheduled capital expenses as a result of the shrinkages in product demand (owing to global quarantine measures), uncertainties around supply logistics as well as supply of materials, the company had gotten hit. Q1 had its own issues, but Q2 birthed a new dimension of challenges for the company.
Revenue was down 33% from N68.9 billion in Q2 2019 to N46.1 billion in 2020. There was also a huge loss in profit after tax of around 200% from a profit of N2.3 billion in Q2 2019 to a loss of N2.3 billion and this can be attributed to lower revenue, and increased losses from the company’s many investments.
Exchange difference on translation of foreign operations for the quarter alone increased by 227% to N1.4 billion in Q2 2020 from N438.5 million in the comparative quarter.
READ ALSO: Petrol importation drops by 512 million litres in 3 months
Outlook for the company and for investors
The disruptions the construction industry is currently experiencing is expected to continue for the medium-long term. Reports by Beroe Inc., a procurement intelligence firm, reveal major concerns that companies in the industry will witness profits being hurt and may even incur losses on a number of projects.
Companies having worldwide supply chains could see tier 2 and tier 3 suppliers highly affected by disruptions related to the pandemic. Worse off, it explains that construction materials like “steel, wood, plaster, aluminum, glazed partition systems, cement and cementitious products, paints, HVAC equipment, electrical equipment, and light fixtures from China are expected to be delayed.”
For the company, cost-cutting has never been more important. While there are a series of strategies it could explore to augment the challenges, its growth right now depends largely on the speed of global economic recovery. This is because both the company’s input needs as well as its output in terms of the recommencement of projects, depends on the speed with which business as usual commences and the amount of time it takes for the industry to find a new balance for its operations.
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For investors, however, this presents a long term opportunity. Julius Berger currently trades at N15.05, falling 44.26% just within the last 3 months. The share price is also on the downside of its 52-week range (N14.42 and 22.92) and its price-to-book ratio of 0.6331 shows that the stock is undervalued.
While the company’s EPS is currently low at N2.52, investors who are willing to wait the time could find a gem in the stock particularly with the increased infrastructural needs born out of the population expansion which is taking place in many parts of the world in the years to come.
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Total Nigeria caught in the oil demand and lockdown saga
In Q1 2020, the company had recorded a revenue drop of 9.3% to N70.2 billion compared to Q1 2019.
The year 2020 was supposed to be a good one for the global oil and gas industry. Save for the unprecedented fangs of the Covid-19 pandemic, the IEA had forecasted in February that the global oil demand would grow by 825,000 barrels a day in 2020. On the contrary, lockdown measures restraining travel and other economic activities to contain the pandemic in many parts of the world had global oil demand down around 90,000 barrels a day from 2019. While the upstream sector had a direct hit owing to this reduced demand, the impact of the pandemic on the downstream oil industry caused the price of crude oil to fall significantly in a short period of time. GlobalData had forecasted that the energy sector would face downward earnings revisions of 208% in 2020.
READ MORE: Analysis: Total Nigeria needs a financial overhaul
With the pandemic leading to a slowdown in a wide range of business and personal travel, even gasoline demand had reduced and this has led to inventory challenges in both the distribution network as well as the refineries. In Nigeria, following the challenges of the pandemic, the federal government deregulated the downstream sector of the oil industry through the removal of fuel subsidy. While it presents a level playing field for the downstream oil private sector, it didn’t take long before companies like Total Nigeria plc. started caving into the overall reduction in inventory from the reduced demand for oil products in Q2 2020. Consequently, the company witnessed a 45% reduction in inventories from N33.6 billion as at 31st December 2019 to N18.5 at the end of Q2 2020.
READ ALSO: Nigeria’s Foreign Trade hits N9.18 trillion in Q3, as non-oil export rose by 374.5%
How the exogenous shocks affected an already ailing Total Nigeria
The success or failure of any organization depends on both the macroeconomic environment as well as the operations of the company itself. For Total Nigeria, the timing for the crisis had been off as it too had operational challenges to deal with. In Q1 2020, the company had recorded a revenue drop of 9.3% to N70.2 billion compared to Q1 2019. While the headwinds of the pandemic might have played a small role in the decline at least in the latter part of the quarter, the loss after tax of N163 million it had recorded was 65.6% better than the loss after tax of the comparative quarter – a testament of the series of operational challenges it had from huge loans to raging expenses. While the company had set off on a strategic trajectory deploying a series of initiatives around cost efficiency, process optimization, as well as a significant reduction of working capital requirement and finance costs, Q2 had its own troubles waiting.
Restrictions in the oil market had led to weaknesses across product lines. Total revenue fell by as much as 50% from N73 billion in Q2 2019 to N36.5 billion in Q2 2020. Revenues from petroleum products had contracted by 55.7% while lubricant sales also fell by 26.7% in the quarter. Across the company’s core business sectors comprising Networks, General Trade, and Aviation, revenue from aviation experienced the most decline, falling by 83.0%. Its performance can be predominantly attributed to the fall in demand owing to strict lockdown measures even in major Nigerian cities.
READ MORE: Five oil majors reduce value of their assets by $50 billion in Q2
Outlook
The outcome of the company’s internal and external challenges is a loss after tax of N373.9 million from N604 million in Q2 2019 – an alarming drop of 161.9%. However, its strategic intent is also visible. Net cash balance was a negative N19.6 billion at the end of the quarter, compared to negative N41.8 billion a year ago. Finance costs also declined by 76.1% to N830.3 million as the company sought to reduce its leverage position. In the same vein, borrowings came at N31.0 billion in Q2 2020 as opposed to the N39.9 billion in Q2 2019. Yet, the success of the company in the immediate future is somewhat bleak.
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This is because of the conditions of the oil market and overall economic landscape which is set to take a few years before returning to the norm as well as the financial and operational position of the company. That said, its earnings per share (EPS) of N4.37 and its price-to-earnings ratio of 18.12, reveal that the company has a good potential to make a rebound. However, it could take a few years. Hence, investors must be willing to wait for the long term. With its share price of N79.10 at the far bottom of its 52-week range of N78 and N129.50, it’s a great time to purchase its shares if you are willing to wait the long term.
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Implications of CBN’s latest devaluation and FX unification
This move portends significant implications for Nigeria’s public and private sector.
The CBN devalued the naira by 5% at the end of last week, adjusting the official exchange rate to N380/$1 in a major move aimed at unifying the multiple exchange rate windows.
Whilst no official confirmation was issued by the apex bank, its website displayed the buying rate of N379/$1 and selling rate of N380/$1. Nigeria is clearly in a new exchange rate territory.
This move portends significant implications for Nigeria’s public and private sectors. Since March when the CBN last depreciated from N307/$1 to N360/$1, there have been calls for further depreciation to at least close the gap between the official CBN rate and the more market-friendly NAFEX exchange rate. The NAFEX rate has traded between N385-390 in recent weeks.
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Government Finances
For the federal government, devaluing the naira solves two major issues:
- Firstly, it increases the amount available to share from the Federal Allocation (FAAC) between the FG and States.
- Oil proceeds, which is a major source of revenue sharing for the government is deposited at the CBN and then converted to naira using the official exchange rate of N360/$1. The CBN’s latest devaluation suggests more money for the government as the conversion rate is now N379/$1.
- Government taxes that are priced in forex but converted to naira also stand to gain a major earnings boost.
- Custom duties, petroleum profit taxes, and other charges will now be converted at an exchange rate of N379/$1 or whatever new rate the CBN chooses, assuming it will work within the NAFEX band.
- A second issue the solves is the condition precedent towards obtaining a $3 billion world bank loan. The government applied for a world bank loan as part of its N2.3 trillion stimulus expected to be injected into the economy.
- It is understood that a unification of the exchange rate is critical to the disbursement of the loan.
Whilst these are positives, the government will record cost escalations for some if not all of its capital projects and expenditure. From vehicle purchases to furniture and fittings we should expect a spike except the contracts are fixed-priced.
READ ALSO: Explained: CBN’s powers to seize bank account of criminals
Private Sector
The impact of the latest devaluation will also be significant for the private sector.
- While the private sector has recorded its own devaluation via the NAFEX and more recently the SMIS window, the impact of the CBN’s latest move will still be felt.
- Most private pubic partnership projects, contracts are priced using the CBN official exchange rate. The price will now change to N379/$1 at the least.
- The latest move could also lead to a reopening of forex sale to BDC’s which the CBN suspended in March as the Covid-19 pandemic ensued.
- Sectors such as Power, Downstream Oil and Gas where the government has control over pricing will be significantly affected by the new price.
- An example if fuel prices. With the exchange rate devalued again, fuel prices might increase if the impact of the exchange rate is reflected in the pricing template.
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NAFEX versus Official Rate
It is not clear how the latest round of devaluation affects the NAFEX rate and other separate rates currently in use by the CBN. Whilst the disparity has been closed somewhat, we still do not know if these windows will be retained or if we will just have two major exchange rate windows, the BDC and the NAFEX.
Most critics of the CBN’s forex policy prefer a uniform exchange rate that is floating or under a managed float system. The difference is that the CBN intervenes occasionally to ensure the exchange rate trades within its preferred band. It does this even if it means burning through its thin reserves.
We expect a string of circulars in the coming days which will perhaps douse some of the confusion providing needed clarity to the exchange rate situation.
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teingo
July 22, 2017 at 8:00 pm
Brilliant and very useful article. I think the main reason for the low level of contribution by people under 30 is the general apathy by the private sector to legal compliance. There needs to be some form of penalty or sanction to make many more businesses comply with Pension laws. Pencom needs to do more beyond education.