The Nigerian Naira has faced upside pressure since the start of the third-quarter as the Naira exchange rate to the dollar on the Investors and Exporters’ (I&E) window has depreciated by 1% to N363.68/$ from N360.74/$ at the end of the second quarter. This has been due primarily to tightened dollar liquidity in the foreign exchange market. Initially, dollar inflows slowed due to lower yields in the local debt market while dollar-demand has increased on the back of foreign investors booking profits on local debt instruments in response to falling yields. In addition, apathy for Nigerian stocks by foreign investors has contributed to the dollar-demand pressure.
In the first half of the year, investors were bullish in the fixed income market causing a moderation in yields. In the treasury bills market, yields have moderated by an average of c.55bps across the curve while bond market yields have also moderated by c.78bps year-to-date. On the other hand, the domestic bourse has delved further into bear territory amid apathy by foreign investors for Nigerian stocks. The Nigerian Stock Exchange reported a decline in foreign investor participation on the bourse to 33% in June from 55% in January while there was a net outflows of N43 billion worth of foreign investment from the bourse in H1-2019.
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As a result of the souring sentiment for equities and profit booking in the fixed income market, inflows into the Investors’ and Exporters’ window reduced by 25% in July to US$2 billion from US$2.6 billion recorded in January. The inflow of both Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) also declined by 73% and 41% respectively as at July while the percentage of international-sourced inflows to the window dropped to 45% in July from 61% in January. This has fueled a dollar liquidity squeeze (external reserves are down by 1.51% quarter-to-date) that has intensified pressure on the naira exchange rate.
In addition to the capital market pressures on the exchange rate, pressure has been building on the Naira due to faltering oil prices in the global market. Skepticism about Nigeria’s ability to meet its foreign exchange obligations intensified following the fall in the price of oil in the global market- this is because crude sales account for the bulk of Nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings and government revenues. At the end of yesterday’s session, Brent- the global benchmark of sweet light crude- closed at US$59/bbl, a 2% discount to the US$60/bbl oil price benchmark for the 2019 budget.
In a bid to manage the pressure on the Naira, the Central Bank resumed issuing OMO to mop up excess liquidity in the system that may be fueling dollar-demand pressure and sold a little over N200 billion worth of bills in two weeks. In our opinion, the Naira is reacting to external shocks while local dollar-demand is increasing. The liquidity mop-up tactic being adopted by the Central Bank can create an illusion of domestic financial system tightening in the short-term but this could result in more domestic economic weakness in the long-run and thus potentially more capital flight.
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